Bloodborne pathogens treatment

Universal precautions apply to which body fluids?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood

Semen

Vaginal secretions

Synovial fluid

Pleural and pericardial fluid

Amniotic fluid

In general, universal precautions do not apply to nasal secretions, feces, sweat, sputum, urine, vomitus, and tears unless they contain visible blood or have obvious signs of an infection.

Who requires training for bloodborne pathogens?

Any individual, irrespective of whether he or she is a healthcare worker, who is at risk for exposure to blood-borne pathogens needs to undergo training and pass the bloodborne pathogens test module. In general, the following professionals should undergo the bloodborne pathogens test:

  • Healthcare workers including nurses, doctors, phlebotomists, lab technologists, etc
  • First responders, EMTs, paramedics
  • Fireman and law enforcement
  • Researchers
  • Medical laboratory personnel
  • Nursing home staff
  • Dentists and dental assistance
  • Janitorial staff, housekeeping, cleaners
  • Blood bank personnel
  • School nurses, and all other school employees
  • Funeral home employees including morticians
  • Tattoo parlor personnel

This is not a complete list but in general, anyone who will come into contact with blood and body fluids should undergo the bloodborne pathogen module test.

Post-exposure treatment

Despite the best efforts and closely following safety precautions, accidental exposure to blood-borne pathogens does occur. Data show that doctors and nurses will suffer at least one needle stick at least once in their lifetime. And healthcare staff who work in the emergency room and operating theaters will suffer a needle or sharp injury one or more times in their career.

After exposure to a patient’s blood or body fluids, pathogens, the key is to act quickly. Every one in the workplace should follow the post-exposure protocol. OSHA requires that all employers offer FREE post-exposure and follow-up appointments to their employees who have been injured from a needlestick at no cost.

  1. After a needlestick or a sharp injury, the first thing to do is immediately wash the area with soap and water. If the blood or body fluid has involved the mucus membrane amounts of water or saline. Do this for at least 10-15 minutes
  2. After the initial cleaning, seek prompt medical attention either at the emergency department or the workplace occupational and health safety department
  3. According to the workplace policy, your injury should be documented and/or photographed.

Blood work

Depending on the severity of your needlestick injury and/or exposure to mucous membranes, your baseline blood work will be done to determine your hepatitis B, C, and HIV status. The blood work will also help determine if you have any protection against hepatitis B.

Treatment

Hepatitis B: If you have already been previously vaccinated against hepatitis B, no further treatment is required. However, if you have never received the hepatitis B vaccine or lack immunity to hepatitis B, you will be offered hepatitis B immune globulin and started on the hepatitis B vaccine.

Hepatitis C: There is no vaccine for hepatitis C but there are currently some very effective treatments to prevent the progression of hepatitis C and even obtain a cure. However, the treatment duration may vary from 1-6 months.

Tetanus: Although tetanus is not a blood-borne infection, you will be asked about your tetanus status if the injury has penetrated the skin. Tetanus vaccine is usually necessary for wounds from dirty objects or when the injury is deep. For only minor injuries, the recommendation is a booster if your tetanus shot was more than 10 years ago. If the wound is from a dirty needle or is a deep puncture wound, a booster is necessary if it has been more than 5 years since the last booster dose.

Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV

The decision to prevent HIV infection will depend on the type of injury, severity, patient preference, and the HIV status of the source. In most cases, an infectious disease expert will be present to determine the need for treatment. In some cases, the consultant may start you on antiretroviral therapy and then discontinue it as more blood work data becomes available. But it is important not to delay post-exposure prophylaxis. Ideally, for HIV, post-exposure prophylaxis should start within 2 hours after exposure. Patients are normally have too take a 28-day course of antiretroviral medications. 

Repeat blood test

Irrespective of the type of blood-borne organism suspected, repeat blood work is usually necessary because in some cases, some infections may show up late. For example, hepatitis B and C can take up to 3-6 months to show up in blood and HIV may take even longer. One must follow up with a healthcare provider for repeat testing until all the tests are negative.

Prevent infection transmission in the post-exposure period.

It is vital that you undertake precautions to prevent the spread of infections in the post-exposure period. This means that for the next 6 months, you will have to live life assuming you have an infection.  During this window period, you should:

  • Use a condom
  • Practice safe sex
  • Avoid getting pregnant
  • Refrain from donating blood
  • Avoid sharing personal care products with others like toothbrushes, razors, nail clippers, etc.

Follow the above precautions until your healthcare provider recommends that it is no longer necessary.

How do bloodborne pathogens spread?

Blood-borne pathogens spread when an infected individual comes into contact with an uninfected individual. But what type of contact and how much contact is necessary for actual transmission to occur?

The two main methods of transmission of blood-borne pathogens include sharing of hypodermic needles (eg illicit drug use) and sexual activity. In addition, one can also acquire infection by contact between the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, nose, and genitals. Finally, infected mothers can also transmit certain infections to their babies during pregnancy and delivery.

How are healthcare workers exposed to blood-borne pathogens?

  • Needlestick injury is quite common
  • Inhalation of aerosolized particles generated during coughing, speaking, sneezing
  • Suffering a puncture wound from a sharp object like a scalpel blade or needle
  • Accidental blood exposure or contact with the mucous membrane of an infected person

In all cases, the risk of acquiring blood pathogens is lowest when the skin is intact and healthy. Secondary staff including cleaners and garbage collectors often get stuck with sharp objects during the cleanup of blood, body fluids and removal of sharp containers.

In most healthcare workers, the primary mode of transmission of blood-borne pathogens is direct contact with infected blood. Besides sharing needles, drawing blood from individuals and handling dirty needles are also common causes of transmission. In general, the highest risk of acquiring an infection is after contact with fresh blood. But most blood borne pathogens can live for 5-7 days outside the body. What this means is even dry blood can also transmit hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV.

Preventing bloodborne pathogen infections

The ideal way to prevent the spread of blood-borne pathogens is to follow universal precautions. 

Universal precaution steps

  1. Continuous education and seminars; All employers must provide regular training and education to their healthcare workers about blood-borne pathogens. In addition, the employer should provide seminars on the safe handling and disposal of blood and other biological agents 
  2. Frequent Hand washing; employers should make available clean washroom facilities with water, soap, and disposable tissues.
  3. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE);  
  • Employers should provide protective eyeglasses and a mask when an employee is going to be working with blood, body fluids, or feces. 
  • Further, gowns or aprons must be available and worn when there is a high probability that clothing is likely to come into contact with body fluids. 
  • Employers should also provide masks and gloves for all employees that are at risk for exposure to biological fluids.  
  • The employer should train employees on how to use PPE and ensure that all PPE are in working order. 

Sterilizing and cleaning of contaminated areas; 

  • Should always wear gloves during cleaning
  • The use of disposable towel is recommended to wipe away body fluids
  • Always decontaminate the area with household bleach (1:100 solution) or a germicide approved for hospital use
  • After use, thoroughly rinse, wash and disinfect all medical equipment.

Hand Washing

  • Must be a priority for all healthcare workers
  • It is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of infections
  • Hands should b washed after contact with a contaminated surface or any type of bodily fluid
  • Wet hands with water and then use soap for at least 10 seconds
  • Wash and scrub the fingernails thoroughly with a brush
  • Hands must be clean and dry before contact with another patient

Gloves

  • Employer should provide both vinyl and latex gloves for all employers who have the potential to come into contact with bodily fluids, and fecal material
  • Dispose all gloves after use
  • Wash hands thoroughly after removing the gloves

.Resuscitation Equipment

To reduce the risk of exposure during emergency mouth to mouth resuscitation, the employer should prove disposable mouth and nose pieces

Safe handling/disposal of contaminated material

All healthcare workers should know how to handle biological waste. Employees who are responsible for handling biological waste should wear puncture-resistant gloves and take precautions to prevent body contact. Biological waste should never be mixed with regular waste. Further, all biological waste should be considered potentially infectious.

CPR Instructor classes Minneapolis /St Paul Minnesota

In-Pulse CPR is an American Heart Training Center leader. We are the largest and most respected provider of community based classes in Minnesota. Learn to be an instructor from the best!

Why take an American Heart Instructor Class with us? In-Pulse CPR has trained over 125 thousand students since 2009 . Our instructors are passionate about teaching and it shows. We have thousands of reviews from students on Google and reviews.io that rave about our classes. Do your research, you won’t find a better taught class in the state.

Please note: We limit our instructor classes to only 2 a year. Our next class is on:

[my_calendar id=”inpulse-cpr” ltype=’state’ lvalue=’Minnesota’ above=”none” below=”none” category=”46″ format=”list” time=”month+4″ months=”4″]

Click on class for more information and to register
No dates shown or class full? Request to be on a waiting list!

American Heart Association AHA BLS Healthcare Provider Instructor Training
HeartSaver CPR Instructor Certification Red Cross ARC CPR Instructor Classes

“Why would I want to be a CPR Instructor?”

5 reasons why you should
Easier than you think – View the steps below
Frequently asked questions

Starting a new career as a CPR instructor is affordable and can be very rewarding. The demand for more community taught classes is growing. You could help fill that need.

5 Reasons Why you should become a CPR Instructor

Work for yourself

Upcoming Instructor class dates in Minnesota are listed below.

Becoming an American Heart Instructor:  You believe in the tremendous importance of CPR classes, and you have learned a lot by participating in these courses. If you are passionate about training and helping others, now is a great time to consider taking the next step and becoming an American Heart instructor. Once you complete your training, you’ll be able to take advantage of attractive benefits. Here are some of the reasons why becoming an American Heart instructor could be the perfect fit for you.

You can set your own schedule.

Flexibility is an important benefit to today’s job seekers, and working as a CPR instructor offers the schedule flexibility that you’ve been searching for. Once you are a certified instructor, you can choose the location, dates, and times of your classes. Teach classes on weekday evenings for busy parents, or schedule sessions during the day in corporate environments.

Get support and guidance from your Training Center

You can add impressive experience to your resume.

You want to give yourself every advantage in today’s competitive job market. If you are already working as a health professional, your current and potential employers will appreciate seeing the American Heart Instructor certification on your resume. This certification does not only mean that you are a CPR expert; it also shows that you have experience in teaching, speaking in front of a group, and instructing a class. Employers in a wide range of settings value these skills.

You set your own schedule

You can enjoy networking opportunities.

As we chat with those who are currently working as American Heart instructors, we find that many of them have made valuable connections through their classes. CPR certification is a requirement for all medical professionals, so you’ll have students from medical facilities throughout our local area. Whether you are looking for a new job now or sometime in the future, it’s helpful to have connections with medical professionals from a variety of specialties.

You can enjoy extra income.

Organizations ranging from schools to recreation departments realize the importance of providing quality CPR training for their employees. As they pay for these courses, you’ll be able to enjoy the benefit of extra income. Even if you only teach for part-time hours, you can earn additional funds for vacations, holiday gifts, and more.

You can make a life-changing difference.

We’ve saved the most important benefit of working as a CPR instructor for last. The process of teaching is rewarding, and it is even more so when the methods you are sharing can change lives. You’ll love seeing students leave your classes feeling empowered to act confidently in emergency situations. As your students go out into their families, work places, and communities, they have the power to save lives thanks to your careful instruction.

Steps Needed to Become an CPR Instructor

Instructor class are affordable

The steps are simple – get started today!

  1. Approval to align with a local American Heart Training Center – The American Heart requires this. The good news is In-Pulse CPR is an AHA Training Center (TC) and is currently accepting instructor alignments in Minnesota.
  2. Have a non-expired valid BLS and / or HeartSaver CPR certification before you attend an instructor class. Register Here! (Must be an American Heart certification)
  3. Sign up, attend, and successfully complete the classroom Instructor Course.  Call us at 763-262-4776 for information about our next class or visit the link at the top of this page to register online.
  4. Successfully be monitored teaching your first course within six months of completing Instructor Course. Training Center Coordinators can require additional monitoring.

FAQ’s New CPR Instructors Ask

  • What does it cost to become an American Heart Instructor?
    A new instructor should be prepared to spend a minimum of about $600-$800 to get started. As you grow, you can add to your inventory with more supplies and equipment as needed. The more equipment you have to teach with the larger your classes can be. A few of your startup costs include:
    -The Instructor course, alignment fee, and monitoring ($300-$500)
    -Manikins (a functional manikin can be purchased for around $120)
    Most instructors / teachers have multiple manikins.
    -AED trainers (start at about $100 each)
    -Additional training supplies and start up costs ($ varies)
    -Marketing / Website ($ varies)
    You may be able to help cut initial costs by finding used equipment to start out with.
  • Who do I train?
    Some people you might initially train are your family and friends, your church, or past employers. As you grow your business you may want to reach out to small to medium medical clinics, dental offices, daycares, and schools. There are thousands of people within your community who need this training. Many need CPR/ BLS training as a requirement for their job. This training needs to be completed every two years. BLS stands for ‘Basic Life Support’. It is often synonymous with CPR, more commonly refers to the medical side of CPR training that includes other life support functions like dealing with choking, assisted breathing, AED use, etc. As a BLS Instructor , you can teach healthcare CPR classes, as well as, laymen CPR (commonly known as HeartSaver CPR).
  • Where can I teach?
    Geographically speaking, you can teach anywhere. There are some restrictions on handing out a certification to someone outside the country though.
  • Once I take this class and start teaching CPR, who is my employer?
    This depends. Is an employer paying for your class and startup costs? Then they are probably your employer. If not, you are self employed. Being a self employed independent CPR instructor has many advantages. See 10 Benefits of Being Self-Employed.
  • Do I need a Healthcare background or public speaking experience to be a CPR instructor?
    The short answer is No, anyone can become a CPR instructor regardless of their background. That being said, having past experiences helps. If you are planning on teaching CPR to healthcare workers, it is hard to develop a rapport with your students if they have a medical background and you don’t. If you are only planning on teaching to non-healthcare students like that found at your church, warehouse staff, daycares, teachers, and similar, than a medical background is not important. Likewise, if you have public speaking experience and are an effective communicator, you may be skilled enough to establish a repour with many different types of audiences. Most new instructors have a few fears at first. The more often you teach, the more you can sharpen your communication skills and become a better instructor and communicator. The better you can connect with your students helps develop that trust your students are seeking. Having a good rapport with your students is huge; it is the difference with them giving you repeat business and passing referrals, to never doing business with you again.

When you attend an INSTRUCTOR CLASS with In-Pulse CPR, we will cover many of these questions within the course.

CPR Instructor classes Tampa Florida

In-Pulse CPR is an American Heart Training Center leader. We are the largest and most respected provider of community based classes in the area. Learn to be an instructor from the best!

Why train with us? In-Pulse CPR has trained over 150 thousand students since 2009 . Our instructors are passionate about teaching and it shows. We have thousands of reviews from students on Google, Trustpilot and reviews.io that rave about our classes.

Do your research, you won’t find a better taught class in the state.

Please note: We limit our instructor classes to only 3 a year. Our next class is on:

Click on class for more information and to register
No dates shown or class full? Request to be on a waiting list!

American Heart Association AHA BLS Healthcare Provider Instructor Training
HeartSaver CPR Instructor Certification

Equivalent Red Cross ARC CPR Instructor Classes

“Why would I want to be a CPR Instructor?”

5 reasons why you should
Easier than you think – View the steps below
Frequently asked questions

Starting a new career as a CPR instructor is affordable and can be very rewarding. The demand for more community taught classes is growing. You could help fill that need.

5 Reasons Why you should become a CPR Instructor

Work for yourself

Becoming an American Heart Instructor:  You believe in the tremendous importance of CPR classes, and you have learned a lot by participating in these courses. If you are passionate about training and helping others, now is a great time to consider taking the next step and becoming an American Heart instructor. Once you complete your training, you’ll be able to take advantage of attractive benefits. Here are some of the reasons why becoming an American Heart instructor could be the perfect fit for you.

You can set your own schedule.

Flexibility is an important benefit to today’s job seekers, and working as a CPR instructor offers the schedule flexibility that you’ve been searching for. Once you are a certified instructor, you can choose the location, dates, and times of your classes. Teach classes on weekday evenings for busy parents, or schedule sessions during the day in corporate environments.

Get support and guidance from your Training Center

You can add impressive experience to your resume.

You want to give yourself every advantage in today’s competitive job market. If you are already working as a health professional, your current and potential employers will appreciate seeing the American Heart Instructor certification on your resume. This certification does not only mean that you are a CPR expert; it also shows that you have experience in teaching, speaking in front of a group, and instructing a class. Employers in a wide range of settings value these skills.

You set your own schedule

You can enjoy networking opportunities.

As we chat with those who are currently working as American Heart instructors, we find that many of them have made valuable connections through their classes. CPR certification is a requirement for all medical professionals, so you’ll have students from medical facilities throughout our local area. Whether you are looking for a new job now or sometime in the future, it’s helpful to have connections with medical professionals from a variety of specialties.

You can enjoy extra income.

Organizations ranging from schools to recreation departments realize the importance of providing quality CPR training for their employees. As they pay for these courses, you’ll be able to enjoy the benefit of extra income. Even if you only teach for part-time hours, you can earn additional funds for vacations, holiday gifts, and more.

You can make a life-changing difference.

We’ve saved the most important benefit of working as a CPR instructor for last. The process of teaching is rewarding, and it is even more so when the methods you are sharing can change lives. You’ll love seeing students leave your classes feeling empowered to act confidently in emergency situations. As your students go out into their families, work places, and communities, they have the power to save lives thanks to your careful instruction.

Steps Needed to Become a CPR Instructor

Instructor class are affordable

The steps are simple – get started today!

  1. Approval to align with a local American Heart Training Center – The American Heart requires this. The good news is In-Pulse CPR is an AHA Training Center (TC) and is currently accepting instructor alignments in Florida.
  2. Have a non-expired valid BLS and / or HeartSaver CPR certification before you attend an instructor class. Register Here! (Must be an American Heart certification)
  3. Sign up, attend, and successfully complete the classroom Instructor Course.  Call us at 813-343-4024 for information about our next class or visit the link at the top of this page to register online.
  4. Successfully be monitored teaching your first course within six months of completing Instructor Course. Training Center Coordinators can require additional monitoring.

FAQ’s New CPR Instructors Ask

  • What does it cost to become an American Heart Instructor?
    A new instructor should be prepared to spend a minimum of about $900-$1200 to get started. As you grow, you can add to your inventory with more supplies and equipment as needed. The more equipment you have to teach with the larger your classes can be. A few of your startup costs include:
    -The Instructor course, alignment fee, and monitoring ($300-$500)
    -Manikins (a functional manikin can be purchased for around $160)
    Most instructors / teachers have multiple manikins.
    -AED trainers (start at about $120 each)
    -Additional training supplies and start up costs ($ varies)
    -Marketing / Website ($ varies)
    You may be able to help cut initial costs by finding used equipment to start out with.
  • Who do I train?
    Some people you might initially train are your family and friends, your church, or past employers. As you grow your business you may want to reach out to small to medium medical clinics, dental offices, daycares, and schools. There are thousands of people within your community who need this training. Many need CPR/ BLS training as a requirement for their job. This training needs to be completed every two years. BLS stands for ‘Basic Life Support’. It is often synonymous with CPR, more commonly refers to the medical side of CPR training that includes other life support functions like dealing with choking, assisted breathing, AED use, etc. As a BLS Instructor , you can teach healthcare CPR classes, as well as, laymen CPR (commonly known as HeartSaver CPR).
  • Where can I teach?
    Geographically speaking, you can teach anywhere. There are some restrictions on handing out a certification to someone outside the country though.
  • Once I take this class and start teaching CPR, who is my employer?
    This depends. Is an employer paying for your class and startup costs? Then they are probably your employer. If not, you are self employed. Being a self employed independent CPR instructor has many advantages. See 10 Benefits of Being Self-Employed.
  • Do I need a Healthcare background or public speaking experience to be a CPR instructor?
    The short answer is No, anyone can become a CPR instructor regardless of their background. That being said, having past experiences helps. If you are planning on teaching CPR to healthcare workers, it is hard to develop a rapport with your students if they have a medical background and you don’t. If you are only planning on teaching to non-healthcare students like that found at your church, warehouse staff, daycares, teachers, and similar, than a medical background is not important. Likewise, if you have public speaking experience and are an effective communicator, you may be skilled enough to establish a repour with many different types of audiences. Most new instructors have a few fears at first. The more often you teach, the more you can sharpen your communication skills and become a better instructor and communicator. The better you can connect with your students helps develop that trust your students are seeking. Having a good rapport with your students is huge; it is the difference with them giving you repeat business and passing referrals, to never doing business with you again.

When you attend an INSTRUCTOR CLASS with In-Pulse CPR, we will cover many of these questions within the course.

Presentation of Common Bloodborne Pathogens Part 2

Even though there are many blood-borne pathogens, the three that account for the majority of cases include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. 

Hepatitis B

The cause of Hepatitis B is the hepatitis B virus; the primary injury is inflammation of the liver- which can be acute or chronic. In the acute phase, the infection will last for up to 6 months before complete recovery. In the chronic phase, the infection is lifelong and is most likely occurs in individuals who are immunocompromised.

The majority of adults with hepatitis B usually have full recovery even if the symptoms are severe. On the other hand, children and younger people are more likely to develop chronic hepatitis B infection. There is a vaccine to prevent hepatitis B but once you have acquired the infection, there is no cure for it.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of hepatitis B infection range from mild to severe. The symptoms usually become obvious 4-12 weeks after the initial infection. Rarely one may see the symptoms after about 2 weeks post-infection. Younger people including children may not show any obvious symptoms. The classic signs of hepatitis B infection include:

  • Dark urine
  • Pale stools
  • Vague abdominal pain
  • Joint pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • Loss of appetite
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Yellowing of the eyes and skin
  • Itching

If hepatitis B infection becomes chronic it can lead to permanent liver damage and liver failure. There is also a risk of developing liver cancer.

The reason why hepatitis B is of major concern to healthcare workers is because 1) it is highly infectious. After a single needle stick injury, there is a 5%-30% chance of developing a liver infection. Secondly, because symptoms may not present for many months, many people may not know that they have acquired the infection.

Hepatitis C

Another viral infection that can cause inflammation of the liver is hepatitis C. The hepatitis C virus is generally transmitted via contaminated blood products. There is no cure for hepatitis C and if left untreated can lead to permanent liver damage and liver cancer. The good news is that over the past decade, newer medications have been developed that can cure chronic hepatitis C. However, these medications need to be taken for at least 4-to 6 months and are costly.

Unfortunately close to 50% of people with hepatitis C don’t know if they are infected chiefly because they have no symptoms, which can take many years to appear. For this reason, the USPSTF recommends that all adults above age 18 undergo a screening test for hepatitis C.

Symptoms

Unlike other types of hepatitis, hepatitis C infection tends to remain silent for many years. At the same time, the virus continues to damage the liver and can even be transmitted to others.

Signs and symptoms include:

  • Easy bruising
  • Bleeding easily
  • Very little appetite
  • Fatigue
  • Dark urine
  • Pale colored stools
  • Yellow discoloration of skin and eyes
  • Itchy skin
  • Abdominal distention due to fluid accumulation
  • Weight loss
  • Confusion
  • Numerous spider-like blood vessels on the abdomen

Even though hepatitis C starts as an acute infection, most patients have no symptoms. The acute symptoms if they occur will include fatigue, jaundice, muscle aches, and fever. The acute symptoms usually last 1-3 months after the initial virus exposure.

Some people can clear the hepatitis C virus and the acute infection does not always become chronic. It appears that about 15-25% of the people have the ability to spontaneously clear the virus. Sometimes acute hepatitis C will also respond to available antiviral treatment. To date, there is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C but there are effective treatments.

HIV and AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus is known to damage the immune system and interferes with the body’s ability to fight disease and infections. HIV is known to infect and kill white blood cells, known as T Cells or CD4 Lymphocytes. These cells are vital for fighting organisms. When the number of CD4 cells drops to less than 200, one is unable to fight infections. At this stage the individual becomes vulnerable to opportunistic infections- organisms that are normally not infective but because the immune system is suppressed now start to thrive.

HIV is predominantly acquired via sexual activity. But it can also spread via blood transfusion, use of illicit IV drug injections, or sharing dirty needles. It is also known to spread from the pregnant mother to the fetus during pregnancy.

Without treatment, the virus slowly weakens the immune system and destroys the ability to fight off infections. There is no cure for HIV but there are medications available that can control and prevent the progression of the disease. Over the past 2 decades, antiviral drugs have significantly decreased the death rate from AIDS.

Symptoms

The symptoms of HIV and AIDs vary on the infection phase:

Primary infection

Most people who acquire HIV will develop a flu-like illness within 10-21 days. This primary acute viral infection my last 2-6 weeks.

Typical signs and symptoms may include

Headache

Fever

Rash

Muscle pain

Swollen glands under the armpit or neck

Sore throat

Painful mouth sores

Cough

Diarrhea

Weight loss

Loss of appetite

Night sweats and chills

The above symptoms are usually mild. However, as the concentration of the virus builds up in the bloodstream, the symptoms will become more obvious.

Latent infection

During this stage of the infection, the virus is still present in the blood circulation but most people do not have any symptoms. Without antiretroviral treatment, the latent stage can last for 2-7 years. Some individuals may develop much more severe disease much earlier.

Symptomatic HIV infection

As the virus continues to multiply in the body and the load increases, soon the patient will start to develop symptoms. The individual may be unable to fight off even the common cold. At this stage the symptoms will include:

Generalize fatigue

Fever

Swollen gland under the armpit and neck

Weight loss

Diarrhea

Thrust (oral infection of the mouth)

Skin rash

Pneumonia

Shingles

Loss of appetite

Progression to AIDS

Today availability of antiretroviral treatment has significantly slowed the death from AIDS. If untreated most patients with HIV develop AIDS in 8-10 years.

Rare Bloodborne pathogens

There are many other blood pathogens but most healthcare workers will rarely encounter them in clinical practice. Some of these include the ebola virus, West Nile virus, zika virus, Lassa fever, Marburg virus, dengue, and so on. For the most part, it is unlikely that a healthcare worker will have exposure to these organisms unless working in an area of an outbreak.

Bloodborne Pathogens Part 1

All individuals who work in a clinical setting, medical laboratory, healthcare institution, or research facility may come in contact with body fluids from another person. This places them at high risk for coming into contact with bloodborne pathogens. But what are bloodborne pathogens?

Blood-borne pathogens are organisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi) that can cause potentially serious and fatal diseases. To be safe from blood-borne pathogens requires being up to date on the information and practicing avoidance.

Today nearly 5.6 million healthcare workers in the US regularly encounter blood-borne pathogens in their daily work. Unfortunately despite the best precautions, a few healthcare workers continue to develop signs and symptoms of an infection every year. The only way to protect yourself is by being proactive and using standard infectious disease protocols.

What Are Bloodborne Pathogens?

By definition, bloodborne pathogens are disease-causing organisms that can be transmitted from one person to another, through blood or other bodily fluids or materials. They include the following:

  • Blood
  • Serum
  • Genital secretions
  • Semen
  • Amniotic fluid
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Saliva
  • Peritoneal, Pleural, and synovial fluid

Unlike blood, the transmission of bloodborne pathogens from other body fluids is not common. In general, urine, saliva, sweat, and fecal material are said to be low-risk materials for transmission. However, most institutions recommend wearing appropriate PPE and taking universal precaution measures. On the other hand, exposure to genital secretions or semen is considered a high risk for transmission of bloodborne pathogens. Of course, the risk also depends on the type of activity (ie vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse).

Examples of Blood borne pathogens

The majority of blood-borne pathogens tend to occur after contact with blood. Classic examples of bloodborne pathogens include the following:

Hepatitis B, C

HIV

Malaria

Zike virus

West Nile virus

Ebola 

Hepatitis B, C, and HIV make up the vast majority of blood-borne pathogens today. 

Once acquired, these blood-borne pathogens can cause both acute and chronic illnesses. These illnesses may present with fever, weakness general malaise, jaundice, weight loss, rash, etc. The condition may flare up now and then. To date, only hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, but there is no cure for hepatitis C or HIV.

The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard

In 1991, OSHA (the Occupational Safety And Health Administration) published the first guidelines on blood-borne pathogens. This guideline recommended employers be proactive and take steps to decrease the employee’s risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens. The OSHA standard describes which employees are at risk, what the common bloodborne pathogens are, and the steps to lower the risk of transmission. The OSHA bloodborne pathogen standard has the following mandatory steps for employers:

  • Develop an Exposure Control Plan that has to be available to all employees. It also needs a regular update every year
  • Enforce the practice of universal protocol
  • Ensure that physical steps like engineering precautions are in place. This includes availability of sharps disposal bins, self sheathing needles, and needleless procedures where feasible
  • Ensure that employee work practices are safe and done in a manner that minimizes the risk of exposure
  • Have in place proper methods for handling and discarding infected laundry
  • Have in place methods for sanitizing infected surfaces
  • That employees have individual protective equipment like gloves eye protection masks and gowns
  • That free hepatitis B vaccination is available to all employees. Ten days prior to any tasks, the employee needs to receive the hepatitis B vaccine
  • Ensure that all potentially infected individuals have free post-exposure examination according to CDC guidelines
  • Have a reporting mechanism for all documented injuries to potential bloodborne pathogens
  • Regularly educate workers about the risk of bloodborne pathogens, place signage throughout the facility and use proper labels

Revised OSHA Blood Borne Pathogen Standard

In 2001, OSHA revised the bloodborne pathogens standard and included the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act. In addition, it also made more recommendations for employers which include the following

  • Documenting all sharp injuries within the facility, the type of device, and the seriousness of the injury
  • Maintaining a sharp injury data bank
  • An expanded definition of engineering controls
  • Ensuring that novel needle and sharp technology changes also have exposure control protocol in place

What is CPR: an update

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving procedure that can be used to save lives in emergencies like drowning or heart attack, where the individual’s heartbeat and/or breathing have suddenly stopped. CPR can be performed anywhere when an individual develops cardiac arrest including areas outside the hospital like an airplane, swimming pool, or even a shopping mall. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), when you witness a cardiac arrest, CPR should be quickly started with fast and hard chest compressions. The ‘hands only’ CPR recommendations apply to both first responders and all untrained bystanders.

The AHA states that individuals who are unsure how to perform CPR or are afraid to initiate CPR should be aware that it is better to at least make an attempt- this is better than doing nothing at all; by doing even the most basic CPR- this can help save someone’s life.

Ample data show that CPR can keep oxygen-rich blood from the heart flowing to the brain and other body organs until emergency medical services can restore the heart’s natural rhythm. When the heart stops beating, the brain and other organs no longer receive the oxygen-rich blood. To prevent serious injury to the brain and other organs, it is vital to resume blood flow in a matter of minutes.

AHA recommendations

Untrained individuals: Even if you have not been trained in CPR or worry about giving rescue breaths, then at least perform hands-only CPR. To be effective, the chest compressions should be uninterrupted at a rate of 100-120 a minute until the first responders (paramedics) arrive. It is not absolutely necessary for untrained individuals to offer rescue breathing.

Trained individuals with up-to-date knowledge and skills: for those who have training in CPR and feel confident about their ability, the first task is to check if the person is breathing and has a pulse. If the individual is not breathing or there is no pulse, start chest compression ASAP. The goal is to initiate CPR with 30 chest compressions prior to giving two rescue breaths.

Trained individuals but not up to date with skills: for those individuals who have received CPR training some time ago and do not feel confident with their ability, the AHA recommends starting chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 a minute

The above recommendations only apply to infants, children, and adults who need CPR these recommendations do not apply to newborns- those less than 4 weeks of age.

Call 911

Individuals who are bystanders or those untrained in CPR should assist by calling 911 or the local emergency services as soon as possible before starting CPR. TIn many cases, the dispatcher can guide you on how to perform the procedure effectively until EMS arrives. To save a life, learn how to do CPR by taking an accredited first aid course that includes CPR and how to use an automatic external defibrillator (AED) 

CPR 101

Before you start CPR, you need to do the following:

  1. Check if the area is safe for the individual who has arrested
  2. Check if the individual is responsive or unresponsive?
  3. If the individual appears unresponsive, shake or tap his upper body (shoulder) and ask loudly, ‘are you okay?’
  4. When you discover a person who is not conscious, and if you are with another person who can assist, have him or her call the local emergency number or call 911.
  5. If the individual has developed cardiac arrest in a mall, plaza, or another public place, ask if there is an AED available
  6. While one person is communicating, the other person should start CPR- do not try to do everything on your own, especially when help is available. The key is to start CPR and avoid wasting time.
  7. If you are alone and have access to a phone, call the local emergency number or 911 before starting CPR. Ask for an AED if available
  8. As soon as the AED is available, deliver one shock as instructed by the device and then start CPR

Remember C-A-B

The AHA recommends that people who do CPR remember C-A-B in order to perform the sequence of CPR:

C: Chest compressions

A: Airway should be open

B: Rescue breathing

Compressions

The primary reason for the compressions is to restore blood flow to the brain and other organs. Compression requires the use of both hands. Place both hands over the mid chest and push down hard and fast. This is the most important maneuver in CPR and has to be done right to be effective. The technique of chest compressions is as follows:

  1. The arrested individual has to be on his/her back against a solid/firm surface
  2. Kneel on the right or left next to the individual’s shoulder and neck
  3. Apply the heel of your hand over the center of the individual’s chest should be in between the two nipples
  4. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Maintain your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands
  5. Push down with your hands on the chest. Compress the chest for at least 2 inches (5 centimeters) but not more than 2.5 inches. The compressions have to be performed using the entire body and not just the hands
  6. Push hard and fast at a rate of 100-120 compressions a minute. After every compression, permit the chest to recoil back into its original position.
  7. If you have had no CPR training, continue with chest compressions until medical personnel arrive or until you see signs of movement in the individual. If you have training in CPR, go to the mouth area and perform rescue breathing.

The Airway

The goal is to keep it open

For those individuals trained in CPR, once you have performed 30 chest compressions, go to the mouth and open the airway using the chin lift, head-tilt maneuver. To do this, place your palm of the left hand on the individual’s forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with your right hand, gently raise the chin forward to open the airway

Start breathing for the individual

Rescue breathing can be done either via mouth to mouth or mouth to nose. The latter approach may be necessary if the individual’s mouth has an injury or if you are not able to open it. In the Covid-19 era, current recommendations for rescue breathing involve the use of a bag-mask device that has a high-efficiency particulate air filter.

  1. After you open the airway using the chin lift and head tilt maneuver, pinch the nostrils with your left hand. At the same time cover the individual’s mouth with your mouth. For mouth-to-mouth breathing to be effective, the seal has to be good.
  2. Next, give the first rescue breath that lasts 1-2 seconds and watch the chest to see if it rises. If the chest shows an upward motion, give the second rescue breath
  3. If the chest fails to rise, repeat the chin lift, head tilt maneuver, and give the second rescue breath. Always be careful not to breathe with too much force or provide too many breaths.
  4. One cycle of CPR involves 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths.
  5. After every 2 rescue breaths, resume chest compressions

Use AED

As soon as an AED is available, apply the paddles to the chest. The newer generation of AEDs are fully automatic, easy to use and provide voice prompts. Follow the prompts. Initially give one shock and then resume chest compressions for at least 120 seconds before administering a second shock. If you have no idea how to use an AED, the 911 operator or the local emergency services. Many times, these individuals can provide you with instructions. Continue CPR until the emergency medical personnel arrive.

Why do we need AED training?

Sudden death is not a rare event; each year close to 350,000 people suffer a cardiac arrest and without immediate treatment, a significant number die. Sudden death can occur at any time and in any location; the individual may suddenly stop breathing, lose consciousness, and collapse.

EMS ARRIVAL

When you come across a person who is having a cardiac arrest, the first thing to do is to call 911. But depending on where you are, the average time for EMS to arrive at the scene can vary from 5-to 10 minutes; and if it is rush hour the delay can even be more. When a person develops a cardiac arrest, the brain can only survive without blood for no more than 3-4 minutes. For each minute of delay in defibrillation, the odds of survival are significantly reduced by 10%. Even if the individual survives, residual brain damage is common. 

Brain Injury

Even with successful CPR most patients will have various types of neurological deficits which may take months or years to recover. Because the nerves are very sensitive to the lack of oxygen, there is a risk of permanent brain damage. So if there is going to be a delay in EMS arrival the only chance of protecting the brain and other organs is having access to an AED. 

However, even if you get access to an AED it is also important to request the services of emergency medical professionals. But once the victim’s heart rhythm is restored, the odds of survival are markedly improved but immediate care in an intensive care setting is necessary.

AEDs

AEDs have been around for about half a century and studies show that when used promptly, they can restore normal heart rhythm following a cardiac arrest. The latest AEDs are portable, light, rugged, user-friendly, and come with visual and verbal prompts. Because AEDs are effective in restoring heart rhythm after a heart attack, today they can be found in many places. This includes most work and public places including airplanes, railway stations, governmental buildings, and most sports arenas.

The latest AEDs can guide the rescuer on how to perform CPR and where to place the electronic pads on the victim’s body. These high-tech electrical pads can quickly sense the victim’s heart rhythm. And if there is a need will administer a shock to restore the heart rhythm.

Who can use an AED?

Because a cardiac arrest is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate treatment, virtually anyone can use an AED. Even a child can use these devices in an emergency. More sophisticated AEDs are primarily used by healthcare workers who have good knowledge and training in the treatment of heart attacks. Most lay people usually use the simpler AEDs found in public places. There are at least 6 types of AEDs on the market for public use and they all work similarly. But still, a first-time responder should have some idea how these devices operate and when to use them.

Are there laws regarding the use of AEDS?

Over the past few years, all US states have defibrillator laws that protect the manufacturer. These laws also protect the bystander who provides CPR and uses the AED on a patient who has suffered a cardiac arrest.

What is the current status of AEDs in the US?

Currently, almost all states are working to do the following:

  • Ensure that AEDs are readily available in all public places
  • Encourage the public to learn how to use AEDs
  • Ensure that all AEDs on the market meet the manufacturer’s standard
  • Develop a registry of AED locations in every city
  • Create good samaritan laws to protect citizens from liability
  • Create a list of registered AED users who are certified

Operating an AED

The latest AEDs are so simple to use that even a child can operate the device. As soon as you remove the device from the box turn it on as it will provide verbal prompts on how to proceed.

However, before you use the AED it is important to know the signs of a cardiac arrest. If you come across an individual that has fainted or is unresponsive, before you use an AED you should do the following:

  1. Time is critical and you should move quickly and accomplish the below tasks within 10-15 seconds
  2. First, check if the individual is responsive/ ask the individual in a loud voice if he is okay?
  3. Quickly check the breathing, pulse and if he or she is unresponsive
  4. If there is no pulse and the individual is not breathing, ask someone to call 911
  5. If you are alone, call 911 before you start the resuscitation process
  6. Speak loudly if you see anyone approach you and ask if they find an AED; these devices like fire extinguishers will be found on the walls in glass cases.
  7. Turn the on switch on the AED as it will give you step by step instructions. The prompts will tell you how to check the pulse, breathing and where to place the electrode pads on the victim’s chest
  8. The electrical pads will immediately sense the victim’s heart rhythm and deliver a shock if needed. If the machine plans to deliver a shock, it will tell the user to stand back and press the red button to deliver the shock
  9. Once the defibrillator delivers the shock, you should start CPR. The AED will guide the user through the steps of CPR. 
  10. Continue this process until emergency personnel arrive.

Watch videos

To get some idea how to use an AED, the Red Cross has online videos that can be viewed for free. 

Why do we need CPR training?

In-Pulse CPR is an American Heart AHA Training Center (TC)

Introduction

According to the CDC, heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. Each year heart disease claims the lives of more than 600,000 people. And the numbers are gradually increasing each year. According to data released by the American Heart Association, more than 50% of cardiac arrests occur away from a healthcare setting. Tragically, more than 88% of these individuals who suffer cardiac arrest away from a healthcare facility die. The good news is that CPR can save lives if performed promptly.

Chance to Save a life

We live in a hectic fast-paced world. And accidents happen all the time- they may occur anywhere and any time. It is not often that one gets a chance to save a life. But by knowing CPR it can help you save someone; the individual maybe your child, parent, or even a stranger. The most beneficial thing about CPR is that training is not time consuming. It only requires a few hours of dedicated study time. The courses are given by trained professionals who ensure that you learn the basic information. Knowing how to perform CPR can be empowering as it gives you the confidence to deal with an arrest. Once you take a course in CPR, the basic techniques of saving a life will stay with you forever.

Why CPR Matters

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique that can help maintain blood flow to the brain and other organs during an arrest. Here are some reasons why knowing CPR is critical.

  1. CPR can save a life. When you come across an emergency, the first action is to call 911 but it usually takes EMS a few minutes to arrive. During these precious few minutes, you have the perfect opportunity to save a life. If you have training in CPR, then you can apply the technique to assist the victim until the first responders arrive. By performing CPR ASAP, you can preserve blood flow to the brain and other organs.
  2. Save the life of your loved one. The vast majority of cardiac arrests do not occur in a hospital but in a home. More importantly, many of the victims of sudden cardiac arrest may not have any known risk factors for heart disease. By knowing CPR, you can save the life of a loved one.
  3. Improve your confidence. Studies show that about 30-50% of individuals who suffer a cardiac arrest never receive life saving assistance from bystanders. The reason bystanders may not want to perform CPR is because they may not have the proper training, fear of getting involved, or are not confident about their skills. Anyone can learn how to perform CPR. It is not a complex technique to master and is a technique that people of all ages can easily master. According to the American Heart Association, nearly 2/3rd of Americans who witness a cardiac emergency feel helpless at administering CPR. But by learning the technique once, the key information will be etched in the brain forever. Taking a course can greatly reduce your fears and boost your confidence in the event you have to administer CPR.
  4. Prevent brain death. When the heart stops pumping blood, it only takes 4-6 minutes before the nerves in the brain start to die. Thus it is vital to restore blood flow to the brain as soon as possible. CPR can effectively maintain blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. This increases the chance that the individual may survive and make a complete recovery. Data show that when CPR is initiated within 2 minutes of a cardiac arrest, the chance of survival immediately doubles.
  5. CPR improves your medical knowledge. There is no question that people who take CPR classes are a little smarter than those who do not when it comes to managing a cardiac arrest. By knowing CPR you will have the tools to save a life. Taking classes in CPR not only builds confidence in you but it will equip you with all the knowledge needed to perform a life-saving technique and save a life. The CPR training will allow you to make the appropriate decisions in running cardiac arrest
  6. CPR classes are part of life and learning. Finally learning CPR is not difficult at all and it is a great technique to know just in case you encounter an individual with cardiac arrest. CPR classes should be part of everyone’s education. It is a work-related skill that has benefits that go way beyond the classroom as you may save the life of a loved one.

CPR in Babies

Introduction

There are some subtle differences in performing CPR in babies compared to adults and older children. Babies are not only smaller in size but are also fragile- CPR done inappropriately can cause damage to many internal organs in children less than 1 year of age. But it is important to know how to perform CPR in babies as it can save a life.

Causes of arrest in Babies

When CPR is done properly it can help deliver oxygen to the brain and other organs until trained emergency personnel arrive or the baby recovers.

In general, babies have varied causes for cardiac arrest but the majority of cases are due to an illness or a major injury. Very rare is cardiac arrest in a baby from underlying congenital heart disease.

It is important for everyone that while one can obtain the basics of CPR in babies from reading an online course, there is no substitute for a real hands CPR training course. The basic CPR skills in babies are simple and can be easily learned in several hours.

Offering CPR to a baby

First, check if the baby is responsive to touch or voice. You also need to check if the baby is breathing or only gasping. You need to initiate CPR if the baby is not:

  • Breathing or is gasping
  • Moving or appears lifeless
  • Responding to touch
  • Wake up
  • Alert

Initiating CPR

  1. If you are alone and have a smartphone, initiate CPR while calling 911 but use the speaker to communicate at the same time
  2. Do not leave the baby to make the call.
  3. After 2 mins of CPR (roughly 5 cycles), search for an AED
  4. If you are alone and do not have a smartphone, start CPR for 2 minutes and then call 911 from a landline and see if you can find an AED
  5. If you have someone else with you, ask that person to call 911 stat and get an automated external defibrillator ASAP while you initiate CPR

Chest Compressions

  1. Place the infant on a firm flat surface
  2. Avoid too much time looking for a pulse in a baby
  3. Place two fingers on the middle of the breastbone, just below the nipple line
  4. Perform 30 quick chest compressions. Each time push fast and hard enough to move the baby’s chest about 3-4 cm. Count loud with every chest compression
  5. Try to deliver about 100-120 chest compressions every minute.
  6. In between each compression, allow the baby’s chest to revert back to its original position- this will help ensure blood flowing to the baby’s brain and other organs

Rescue Breathing

  1. First, you need to open the airway: Place the palm of your left hand on the baby’s forehead. Then place two fingers of the right hand, on the chin and gently tilt the head back- this should open the airway.
  2. Place your mouth over the baby’s mouth and nose, forming a tight seal. Give two breaths. Each breath should be enough to cause the baby’s chest to rise. The breath should not be more than 1 second.
  3. The chest should rise. Remove your mouth and watch the chest fall. 
  4. If the baby’s chest does not rise, quickly reposition the forehead and form a tight seal and perform rescue breathing
  5. Give cycles of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths during the two-minute cycle. 
  6. Continue until EMS arrives or until the baby starts to breathe again.
  7. Two minutes of CPR will permit you to perform 5 cycles of 30 chest compressions with two rescue breaths. 
  8. While 2 minutes of CPR may not sound long, it is quite tiring. Therefore, if you are not alone, you should switch as a performer every 2 minutes.

Recovery position

If the baby starts to breathe on his or her own, there is a chance that it may vomit and this can make breathing difficult. Hence, it is important to place all babies in a recovery position. The chin should be slightly angled from the chest and the face should rest on a flat surface. You have to make sure that nothing is covering or blocking the baby’s nose or mouth. By placing the baby in the recovery position, this will allow for the airway to remain open.

CPR In Children

The protocol for CPR in children is similar to that in adults.

Safety First

  1. Always make sure that the child is away from any impending danger. CPR should always be done in a safe location
  2. The next step is to check the child’s level of consciousness. Do this by tapping the child on the shoulder and asking, “Are you okay?’ Or ‘Can you hear me?’
  3. The third step is to quickly scan the child to see if he or she has any obvious injuries, medical issues, or bleeding

Check for Breathing

  1. Quickly check if the child is breathing on his own. You may have to put your ear next to the child’s nose or mouth and you may feel breath on your cheeks. At the same time, check to see if the child’s chest is moving.
  2. If the child is unconscious but you can see the chest moving, call 911 and wait for EMS to arrive. Children who can breathe do not need CPR

All the above maneuvers should not take more than 10-15 seconds. Time is of the essence and one has to be fast

Call 911

  1. If you are alone with the unresponsive child, call 911 after you have performed 2 mins of CPR.
  2. If there is help available, ask the other person to call 911 and also look for an AED.

Start CPR

If there is no sign of breathing, start CPR ASAP

Chest compressions in a child

  1. First, gently place the child on his/her back against a firm surface
  2. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest at the nipple line. If the child is older, then you may want to use two hands to perform CPR- you can do this by placing the other hand on top of the first hand.
  3. In a child, the chest should be compressed by about 2 inches. It is vital not to compress the ribs as they are fragile and susceptible to fracture
  4. Perform 30 chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute. Let the chest rise completely between each push
  5. After the first 30 compressions, quickly check to see if the child has resumed breathing
  6. If there is no breathing, resume CPR until EMS arrives.

Rescue Breathing

First, check to see if the child has resumed breathing from the CPR

  • To open the child’s airway, lift the chin up with your right hand and at the same time, tilt the head back with the other hand by pushing down on the forehead. 
  • If you suspect that the child has a head or neck injury, do not tilt or manipulate the neck
  • To perform rescue breathing, cover the child’s mouth with yours, pinch the nose and give breaths
  • Give the child two breaths and each time check to see if the chest rises. Each breath should take no more than 1 second.
  • If you do not see the chest rise with the first breath, retilt the head and ensure that you have a proper seal with your mouth before giving the 2nd breath.
  • If the second breath does not cause the chest to rise, there may be an object blocking the child’s airway. Check the mouth quickly to see if there is any food or foreign body.

Continue CPR

If the child has not resumed breathing, continue with CPR and rescue breathing 

  1. Offer two breaths for every 30 chest compressions
  2. If another individual is assisting you, perform 15 compressions followed by 2 breaths.
  3. Continue the cycle of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths until the child resumes breathing or emergency help arrives.

What If You Are Alone

  • If you are alone with the child and have already performed 2 minutes of CPR or about 4 cycles of compression and rescue breathing) call 911 and look for an AED.

Using an AED

  1. As soon as an AED is available it should be utilized.
  2. For children less than 9 years of age, use a pediatrics automated external defibrillator if available.
  3. If a pediatric AED is not available, you may have to use the standard AED

AED use

  1. Turn on the AED
  2. Today almost all AEDs are automated and provide verbal directions on usage.
  3. Ensure that the child’s chest is dry and attach the pads as shown on the AED machine
  4. You will then be provided with step by step directions on how to use the AED from this point.
  5. Continue chest compressions and follow the AED prompts until the child resume breathing or emergency help arrives.

The only way to be proficient at CPR is to keep updated with the course and assist others when the opportunity arises.

Dad Saves Daughter’s Life with CPR after Seeing It Performed on TV Show

It suddenly happened in the summer of 2021. An unexpected cardiac arrest. This time the victim was a 4-year-old girl.

Fortunately, the girl’s father, Mat Uber, 46, of Carmel, Indiana, saved the little girl’s life after deploying CPR – something he remembered from watching The Office, a sitcom on NBC.

Mr. Uber spoke of the horrifying moment when he realized he had to move fast to rescue his daughter, Vera Posey.

A sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)  during a game of tag was the reason. Having watched CPR on the series, The Office, Uber revived his daughter using what he had remembered. He said Steve Carrell, who played MIchael Scott on the TV show, performed CPR on one of the episodes.

After a few seconds of laughter during the game of chase, Uber’s daughter suddenly slowed down. He said he saw her lying on the ground when he turned around.

Uber added he thought she had hit her head. At that moment, his mind flashbacked to the TV show and CPR. He urged his 16-year-old daughter to call an ambulance.

.

In the episode, a CPR teacher visits Dunder Mifflin to educate the staff on how to do chest compressions in tune to the Bee Gees’ 1970s tune Stayin’ Alive.

Uber said, he wondered, “‘What do I know about CPR?’ I don’t have formal training.” He added that the scene from The Office suddenly came to him during that panic-stricken moment. He needed to do something to keep his daughter alive, and do it immediately.

The family later found out that Vera had a life-threatening and rare syndrome that affects the heart’s rhythm called calmodulinopahty.

Paramedics used a defibrillator (AED) to shock Vera’s heart back to a normal while resuming  CPR and resuscitation efforts.

At Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis, Uber and his wife discovered that their daughter had gone into cardiac arrest. According to Uber, Vera had no warning signs before the event.

Little Vera received a cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), an implantable device that shocks the heart into working if it stops functioning. Uber hopes that his family’s story will inspire people to get officially certified in CPR and AED.

The father added that Vera is “. . . doing spectacularly [well]. We’re incredibly lucky.”

While CPR, no doubt, saves lives, knowing how to use an automated defibrillator (AED) ensures increased survival rates.

Because it is a medical emergency, sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) must be taken seriously. That is why both CPR and AED training are imperative. When an AED is used, an electric shock is delivered to the heart via the AED. A heart that has stopped beating is brought back into rhythm by applying a jolt of electricity.

Needless to say, both CPR and defibrillation work best when performed as soon as possible following the  onset of an SCA. SCA survivability decreases at an alarming rate with each passing minute.

First responders, such as police officers and paramedics, are familiar with the steps used for defibrillation. If someone is showing signs or symptoms of SCA, call 9-1-1 immediately. The sooner you seek assistance, the sooner they can start receiving life-saving care.

Bystanders can use AEDs and do not need to be emergency personnel. The portable devices often are found at public sites, such as golf courses, airports, cansinos, malls, and hotels.

If an arrhythmia is detected, an AED is programmed to deliver an electric shock. The programming only allows the current to be transmitted to SCA victims. CPR should be given until you can gain access to an AED.

If you or a loved one is at risk for an SCA, you might consider getting advice from a doctor about adding an AED in your home. SCAs can happen without warning. Make sure you are equipped by learning CPR and the AED process.

How CPR Saved One Golfer’s Life

On July 30, 2013, Ralph Harms, 78, was out on the course with his son Joe and friend Doug Green. At the fourth hole, Ralph was excited. He shouted, “Yeah, baby!” after nailing a long putt.

However, three days later Harms awoke in the hospital. He had gone into cardiac arrest and did not recall anything until then.

He compared the event to suddenly switching off a light switch. He did not experience any signs that anything was wrong.

Ralph’s son, Joe, learned CPR from his father about 4 years earlier. At the time, the two men were watching football and saw an ad about getting CPR certified. To maintain his certification, the elderly Harms continued to maintain his endorsement every two years. Ralph remembered showing Joe how to perform chest compressions during a break in the game.


According to Ralph, it was good Joe remembered how to do the compressions, as he would never have been able to tell his tale of survival.

As Doug dialed 9-1-1 on his mobile phone, Joe performed CPR on his Dad. Ralph’s heart stopped three times while emergency personnel were on the way. Joe continued the chest compressions while he waited for help.

For the first three days of his recovery, Ralph was kept in in a drug-induced state of unconsciousness.

The knowledge and use of CPR were both critical to Ralph’s survival. Again, because of CPR, Ralph survived so he could tell people about his experience.

CPR saves lives and does not take a lot of time to learn. Moreover, you can glean this must-have skill easily anytime.

Besides saving lives, learning CPR and AED, in combo, prevents brain death and reduces recovery times. CPR is used when the heart stops beating during a cardiac arrest,

Brain death typically happens four to six minutes after the heart has stopped pumping. When CPR is performed, the brain and other vital organs get the oxygen they need to continue to operate.

Two minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) increases a person’s chances of survival twofold. The longer a patient goes untreated the greater the physical toll it takes.

While you don’t have to get formal training in CPR, it still is better to have it. In the event of an emergency, phone 9-1-1 immediately.

If a bystander is present, start CPR while he or she calls 9-1-1 and looks for an automatic external defibrillator (AED). This will save you valuable time. Defibrillators (AEDs) are devices that shock the heart and restart it.

Aim to do 100 to 120 pushes each minute in the middle of the chest. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends that you time the compressions. Hands-only CPR is an alternative to mouth-to-mouth CPR, and does not require breathing into the mouth of the victim.

Continue giving CPR until medical help arrives.

When the heart stops beating abruptly and unexpectedly, it is called a sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). If this occurs, essential organs, such as the brain and heart, are deprived of their blood  and oxygen supply. If SCA isn’t treated within minutes, it frequently results in death.

An understanding of the heart’s mechanisms helps in defining SCA. The heart’s electrical system regulates the heartbeat’s pace and rhythm. Therefore, the heart’s circuitry, when it malfunctions, leads to an arrhythmia or irregular heartbeat.

Arrhythmias come in various forms. As a result, the heart may beat too fast or too slow. In some cases, it may beat erratically. Arrhythmias that prevent the heart from pumping blood to the body trigger an SCA.

It is important to distinguish between an SCA and a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to a portion of the heart  is disrupted. The heart normally doesn’t stop beating immediately during a heart attack. Even after a heart attack, an SCA may still occur during recovery.

An SCA may also strike healthy individuals with no history of heart disease or another predisposing condition. Therefore, don’t discount the importance of CPR and AED training. With the knowledge you receive, you might very well end up saving the life of someone you love.

Child Respiratory Emergencies

My son was two years old when I returned to work in 2005.  Each day, I strapped him into his car seat to take him to and from his childcare center.  One afternoon, as I drove my son home, I heard a strange sound from the backseat.  I looked in the rearview mirror and my stomach dropped.  His lips were blue, and the strange sound I was hearing were his attempts at gasping for breath.  I took him straight to the emergency room, where the staff treated him using a nebulizer and told me to see his pediatrician right away.  I did, and the hospital’s diagnosis was confirmed – pediatric asthma.

For about three years, I strapped a mask over my son’s face while he sat in my lap and breathed in Albuterol, a bronchodilator that restored his breathing to normal.  The attacks were often sudden – often enough for me to keep the nebulizer in the car and the Albuterol in my purse.  A few times I even rushed into coffee shops or fast-food restaurants and begged them to let me use an outlet to plug in the nebulizer so I could treat my son right away.

Respiratory emergencies are frightening, and, according to Registered Respiratory Therapist Nancy Johnson, respiratory disorders are the second leading cause for parents to take children to the ER.  They are the number one cause for children under the age of four.  Johnson also notes that children under respiratory distress deteriorate quickly and “airway urgencies can quickly progress to airway emergencies.”  She uses the ABCDE Assessment Tool to assess respiratory conditions:

  • Airway (Is it obstructed?)
  • Breathing (Are there signs of distress?)
  • Circulation (Does their color look OK?)
  • Disability (Are they functioning normally?)
  • Exposure (Are there any wounds or notable injuries?)

Approximately half of children with pediatric asthma outgrow it, and my son was in that lucky half.  However, while his asthma was a threat, I received training in child and baby CPR.  Fortunately, I never had to use it, but the knowledge gave me peace of mind.

Does CPR really save lives? Yes, it does.

By Liv Hernandez

Does CPR really save lives? Yes, it does. There is one recent news story that can attest to that. The CDC estimates that administering CPR to a person suffering from cardiac arrest can double their chances for survival. Cardiac arrest can strike an individual at any time or place.

In the case of Steve M., it struck him when he was at his home. He was alone, and very scared when the attack came on. Thankfully his son, Skylar, arrived for a visit a short while later. He was shocked to find Steve lying there unconscious on his bathroom floor. Skylar called the paramedics and was informed that it would be a few minutes before they could arrive.

Skylar jumped into action and began administering CPR to Steve. This ended up saving his father’s life. Steve was conscious again by the time the paramedics arrived. This is just one case that proves how life saving CPR can be. Since Cardiac arrest can strike at any time, you could describe it as a sudden killer. Taking the time to learn and become CPR certified means you can save someone’s life.

You can help them become one less statistic. Death rates for cardiac arrest victims are very high. The majority of these attacks occur in public. This increases the chances of the attack being witnessed by a bystander. If this bystander were to administer CPR they could save the victim’s life.

We all live in this world together, so we should all look out for one another. If you look online you will discover many local institutions that will offer you CPR training. If you were in the same situation as Steve from the story, you would want someone to come to your aid. We all would. Learn CPR and start the change first. Help someone and you just might get the help you need in return. As cardiac arrest numbers rise, more people are joining together to become CPR certified. Join them and help save lives. No one wants to be a statistic.

https://www.heart.org/en/affiliates/cpr-saves-lives-steve-munatones-is-here-to-prove-it

https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/cpr.htm

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Use of any advise on this site is purely at your own risk.  The information supplied is designed to accompany CPR and first aid training not to replace.  In-Pulse CPR, Inc disclaims any liability for losses you incur as a result of inaccuracy of the information provided on this website.  Information on this site is for education, supplemental to examination by and advice of medical professionals.   Any information regarding first aid treatments is not meant to replace the advice of medical professionals including physicians, paramedics, emergency room attendants, nurses or other licensed medical personnel.